目的
这个目的是我今天写这篇文章的目的,希望通过通俗易懂的语言将Handler这个东西给大家讲清楚,当然还包括和它关系很密切的Looper、Message和MessageQueue。
从用法开始
public class HandlerTestActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_handler_test);
Handler mainHandler = new Handler();
}
}
这段代码并没有什么意义,大家可以运行一下,并没有什么问题,它的主要目的是为了引出下面这段代码:
public class HandlerTestActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_handler_test);
Handler mainHandler = new Handler();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
Handler threadHandler = new Handler();
}
}).start();
}
}
什么!?崩溃了!点题了,就这么从使用到崩溃了!!!
通过崩溃的堆栈信息:
FATAL EXCEPTION: Thread-103
java.lang.RuntimeException: Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()
at android.os.Handler.<init>(Handler.java:197)
at android.os.Handler.<init>(Handler.java:111)
at com.jucongyuan.handlertest.HandlerTestActivity$1.run(HandlerTestActivity.java:16)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:856)
(这里开始需要借助Android Framework的源码了),我们看看Handler中这次执行过的代码:
public class Handler {
public Handler() {
this(null, false);
}
public Handler(android.os.Handler.Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends android.os.Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
/** 这里可以查崩溃的原因 **/
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
/** 这里可以查崩溃的原因 **/
/** 这里持有了mLooper的mQueue,现在不用管,待会你会回来看的 **/
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
}
Looper隆重登场,原来是在构造函数中,mLooper为空时抛出了一个异常,就是我们崩溃日志中的异常,查看Looper源码,这里就不贴源码了,大家可以自己查看,通过源码,知道Looper是从Handler所在的线程中取到的,也就是说,threadHandler所在的我们自己创建的那个线程中没有Looper,回到最初,我们在主线程也就是UI线程中也实例化了Handler,没有报错,所以我们猜想UI线程实例化时,一定同时实例化了一个Looper,求证一下,看看Framework源码中创建主线程的代码了,在AcitivityThread
中,有一个main方法:
public static void main(String[] args) {
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ActivityThreadMain");
SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
// CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy. We
// disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
// StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);
Environment.initForCurrentUser();
// Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());
AndroidKeyStoreProvider.install();
// Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates
final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);
Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
// 在这里实例化的
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);
if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
}
if (false) {
Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
}
// End of event ActivityThreadMain.
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
// 注意这里,我们待会要再来看它
Looper.loop();
throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}
我们的猜想是正确的,通过调用prepareMainLooper方法,最终调用了Looper的私有构造方法:
Looper.Java
public static void prepareMainLooper() {
prepare(false);
synchronized (Looper.class) {
if (sMainLooper != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
}
sMainLooper = myLooper();
}
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}
这个Looper也就归属了主线程。同时注意,我们在线程中调用prepare()方法时,如果这个线程已经存在Looper了,会抛出一个Only one Looper may be created per thread
,就是说一个线程有只能有一个Looper,所以如果我们在主线程中再调用Looper的prepare方法为主线程实例化一个Looper,就会报错。我们上面的那个崩溃大家应该知道怎么解决了:要为线程创建一个Looper:
public class HandlerTestActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_handler_test);
Handler mainHandler = new Handler();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
Looper.prepare();
Handler threadHandler = new Handler();
}
}).start();
}
}
在Looper的构造函数中,MessageQueue隆重登场了!在看MessageQueue之前,我们先小小总结一下,毕竟到现在信息量还是比较大了:
- 要在线程中使用Handler,该线程必须有一个Looper
- Looper的构造方法是私有的,我们在线程中通过调用Looper的prepare()方法为该线程生成一个Looper。主线程调用prepareMainLooper方法生成是为了我们方便通过Looper.getMainLooper()方法获取主线程的Looper
- 每个线程只能有一个Looper,可以没有(没有不能使用Handler?作为一个提高题大家自己寻找答案)
- Looper会持有实例化它的线程和一个消息队列MessageQueue实例
- Handler会通过Looper持有它的MessageQueue实例(上面Handler的源码说你会回去看的地方)
随着MessageQueue的出场,现在我们要说的四个类就只剩下Message了,我们直接看Message类:
public final class Message implements Parcelable {
public int what;
public int arg1;
public int arg2;
public Object obj;
public Messenger replyTo;
public int sendingUid = -1;
static final int FLAG_IN_USE = 1 << 0;
static final int FLAG_ASYNCHRONOUS = 1 << 1;
static final int FLAGS_TO_CLEAR_ON_COPY_FROM = FLAG_IN_USE;
int flags;
long when;
Bundle data;
Handler target;
Runnable callback;
Message next;
}
最后三个属性我们记住,待会会使用,同时Message next
也说明Message类是一个单向链表的数据结构。
发送一条Message
我们使用Handler最常用的方法就是sendMessage(Message msg)
,来看看整个过程吧:
public class Handler {
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg) {
return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis) {
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
}
发送消息时,其实是调用了MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法,这个MessageQueue是哪里来的呢,上面的结论5中已经总结,在看MessageQueue之前,我们注意msg.target = this;
(Message最后三个属性的中的一个),每一条Message都持有了发送它的Handler的。接下来是MessageQueue的enqueueMessage:
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
if (msg.target == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
}
if (msg.isInUse()) {
throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {
IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
msg.recycle();
return false;
}
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
// Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake
// up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
// and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true;
}
这段代码其实也很简单,我们注意最下面else的内容,他其实就是在通过Message的when属性,把这条Message插入到这个MessageQueue中Message单向链表的合适位置。但是,消息到这里就结束了啊,结束了?看这里的代码的确是结束了,当时我们知道消息最后是会到Handler的handleMessage(Message msg)方法中
,这个方法在哪里调用的呢?上面的源码注释中,还有一个地方我提到:注意这里,我们待会要再来看它
,那就是Looper.loop();
,我们来看看:
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
// This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
Printer logging = me.mLogging;
if (logging != null) {
logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
}
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
if (logging != null) {
logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
}
// Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
// identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
if (ident != newIdent) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
+ msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
+ msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
}
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
一目了然,一个for (;;)死循环一直不断的从MessageQueue中取消息Message,并且通过msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
调用了Handler的dispatchMessage方法(上面的结论,Message持有了发送它的Handler对象,就是target),到这里,我们应该可以猜到,Handler的dispatchMessage方法中一定调用了Handler的handleMessage(Message msg)
方法:
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
}
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
猜想同样正确。整个过程无缝的串联起来了,这里Message最后三个属性的中的callback也是出现了,如果msg.callback不为空就是调用的handleCallback方法,而handleCallback方法如下,这个callback是哪里来的呢?callback其实就是Runnable,它就是我们调用Handler的post方法传入的Runnable,大家可以通过源码从post方法调用开始分析整个流程。
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
message.callback.run();
}
再来一次总结:
- Handler发送消息时,调用Looper中MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法来组织消息
- Looper通过loop方法不断的从MessageQueue中去消息,发送Message到Message持有的Handler中由handleMessage方法执行
最后一个结论有点奇妙,我们通过Handler发消息就是为了让Handler中的另一而方法执行,这不是劳民伤财吗?不过大家想一下Handler的用法:线程间通讯
。为什么线程间需要这样通讯,因为在Android中,非UI线程(非主线程)中我们不能更新UI,所以我们可以借助Handler来发送一些消息更新UI,常见的功能如:下载进度的更新……
大总结
这篇文章只是通过一步一步看源码来分析Handler、Looper、Message、MessageQueue和Thread之间的关系,其实他们的用法还很多很多,从他们不止一个的构造方法就可以看出来,但是我们要更好的使用它必须先了解它最简单的一面,然后再继续深入,看源码是非常重要的一种方式。